←GATE Syllabus

Fundamental Concepts: Abiotic and biotic components; scales (population, species, community, ecosystems, biomes); niches and habitats. Population Ecology: Population growth rates (density dependent/independent); meta population ecology (colonization, persistence, extinction, patches, sources, sinks); age- structured populations. Interactions: Types (mutualism, symbiosis, commensalism, competition, parasitism, predation, etc); ecophysiology (physiological adaptations to abiotic environment); prey- predator interactions (Lotka-Voltera equation, etc.) Community Ecology: Community assembly, organization and succession; species richness, evenness and diversity indices, species-area relationships; theory of island biogeography Ecosystems Structure and Function: Trophic levels and their interactions; nutrient cycles; primary and secondary productivity

History of Evolutionary Thought: Lamarckism; Darwinism; Modern Synthesis Fundamentals: Variation; heritability; natural selection; fitness and adaptation; types of selection (stabilizing, directional, disruptive) Diversity of Life: Origin and history of life on earth; diversity and classification of life; systems of classification (cladistics and phenetics) Life History Strategies: Allocation of resources; tradeoffs; r/K selection; semelparity and iteroparity Interactions: Co-evolution (co-adaptations, arms race, Red Queen hypothesis, co- speciation); prey-predator interactions (mimicry, crypsis, etc) Population and Quantitative Genetics: Origins of genetic variation; Mendelian genetics; Hardy- Weinberg equilibrium; drift; selection (one-locus two-alleles model); population genetic structure (panmixia, gene flow, FST); polygenic traits; gene-environment interactions (phenotypic plasticity); heritability Molecular Evolution and Phylogenetics: Neutral theory; molecular clocks; rates of evolution; phylogenetic reconstruction; molecular systematics Macroevolution: Species concepts and speciation; adaptive radiation; convergence; biogeography

Mathematics and Statistics in Ecology: Simple functions (linear, quadratic, exponential, logarithmic, etc); concept of derivatives and slope of a function; permutations and combinations; basic probability (probability of random events; sequences of events, etc); frequency distributions and their descriptive statistics (mean, variance, coefficient of variation, correlation, etc). Statistical Hypothesis Testing: Concept of p-value; Type I and Type II error, test statistics like t- test and Chi-square test; basics of linear regression and ANOVA.

Classical Ethology: Instinct; fixed action patters; imprinting; learnt behavior; proximate and ultimate questions. Sensory Ecology: Neuroethology; communication (chemical, acoustic and visual signaling); recognition systems. Foraging Ecology: Foraging behaviour; optimal foraging theory. Reproduction: Cost of sex; sexual dimorphism; mate choice; sexual selection (runaway selection, good-genes, handicap principle, etc); sexual conflict; mating systems; parental care. Social Living: Costs and benefits of group-living (including responses to predators); effect of competition (scramble and contest) on group formation; dominance relationships; eusociality; kin selection; altruism; reciprocity; human behaviour.

Biodiversity and Conservation: Importance of conserving biodiversity; ecosystem services; threats to biodiversity; invasive species; in-situ conservation (endemism, biodiversity hotspots, protected areas); ex-situ conservation; conservation genetics (genetic diversity, inbreeding depression); DNA fingerprinting and DNA barcoding. Disease Ecology and Evolution: Epidemiology; zoonotic diseases; antibiotic resistance; vector Control Plant and animal breeding: Marker assisted breeding; genetic basis of economically important traits. Global Climate Change: Causes; consequences; mitigation